When blood pressure regularly spikes higher than normal it’s a sign that something is not right.

Most healthy individuals have variations in their blood pressure — from minute to minute and hour to hour. These fluctuations generally happen within a normal range.

But when blood pressure regularly spikes higher than normal, it’s a sign that something isn’t right. Doctors call the condition labile hypertension, and it merits investigation.

“The underlying cause needs to be identified, so we can do something about it,” says hypertension specialist Michael Lioudis, MD.

How high is too high for blood pressure?
Although the term “labile hypertension” means blood pressure that fluctuates more than usual, the term actually has no official definition. There’s no line that must be crossed — no minimum blood pressure reading or number of spikes — necessary to make the diagnosis.

The term simply indicates a situation where blood pressure is rising beyond what’s considered normal and acceptable for an individual.
“Most times, these people have reasonable blood pressure control,” says Dr. Lioudis. “Yet they have periods when they may experience facial flushing, tension headaches, sweating or feelings of unease. When they check their blood pressure, it’s high.”

Who’s at risk for labile hypertension?
Labile hypertension tends to be situational. This means the spikes occur in response to stressful events — a fender bender, intensive physical exertion or thinking about financial woes, for example. This helps distinguish labile hypertension from true hypertension, in which blood pressure is high all the time.

Although hypertension can develop at any time, it raises a red flag when it occurs in young people (teens and early 20s) or after age 60.

People who develop hypertension in their 40s — particularly if they have a family history of hypertension — are more likely to have essential hypertension than labile hypertension. They tend to be overweight or have underlying dietary issues, such as excessive sodium intake or heavy alcohol consumption.

What causes labile hypertension?
When labile hypertension is suspected, a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitor may be used to confirm the diagnosis. Then the work of pinpointing the underlying cause begins. Serious detective work often is required. “We look at the patient’s overall health, lifestyle and medications,” says Dr. Lioudis.

When a medication or lifestyle choice is the precipitating factor, making appropriate changes can cause labile hypertension to disappear.

Underlying medical conditions are a bigger concern, since they may be harder to treat.

“We look for sleep apnoea, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease or a problem with the adrenal glands, as any of these can cause blood pressure to fluctuate,”
says Dr. Lioudis.

When the problem is autonomic dysfunction
In labile hypertension, blood pressure tends to spike upwards. Blood pressure that swings in both directions may be a sign of a different problem called autonomic dysfunction.

People with this problem have difficulty regulating involuntary functions such as heart rate, breathing and body temperature, in addition to blood pressure. “We usually send these patients to cardiology for testing,” says Dr. Lioudis.

Why you should pay attention to your blood pressure
Hypertension can wreak havoc on the body before alarming symptoms appear. That’s why regular check-ups are a “must.”

Sometimes, Dr. Lioudis asks patients to check their blood pressure at different times of the day. It’s the only way to spot masked hypertension. People with this condition have normal blood pressure in the doctor’s office, but high blood pressure at home.

“We can’t do anything for hypertension unless we know it exists,” he says. “That’s why we advise everyone to have their pressures checked at least yearly. They should also talk with their family doctor about stress, heart or kidney disease, family history of high blood pressure and any other potential contributing factor. By working together, you can bring your blood pressure under control.”

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